Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a looming threat that jeopardizes not only human health but also the welfare of our animals. The primary contributor to this global crisis is the overuse of antimicrobials. To combat this issue and safeguard the effectiveness of antimicrobials for future generations, it is imperative to reduce their usage.
Poultry Production
When we look at the global landscape of poultry meat production, countries like the US, Brazil, Europe, and China account for over 60% of the market share. While the surveillance of antimicrobial consumption is well-established in the US and certain European nations, countries like China lack robust monitoring systems. Data from various large meat-producing countries shed light on the approved use of different classes of antimicrobials. For instance, third-generation cephalosporins find approval in the US and Brazil, glycopeptides are not authorised for poultry production in any region, and macrolides and ketolides enjoy widespread usage. Polymyxins are permissible in most countries except China, while quinolones are excluded from use only in the US.
The Global AMR Picture
Despite the absence of dedicated antimicrobial resistance monitoring in countries like Brazil and China, a comprehensive analysis of scientific publications over the last two decades reveals an alarming trend in resistance levels. Take, for example, the resistance of E. coli bacteria to fluoroquinolones. While the US’s prudent non-use of fluoroquinolones has kept resistance levels below 5%, countries where they are in use witness resistance rates exceeding 50%.
Recent Success
Recent data paints a hopeful picture of the progress made in many countries towards reducing antimicrobial consumption and combating resistance. Evidence from 25 European countries shows a remarkable 47% decline in antibiotic sales between 2011 and 2021. Similarly, the US achieved a 49% reduction in antibiotic use in chickens from 2016 to 2020. This reduction in antimicrobial consumption has directly translated into a decline in the prevalence of resistant bacteria, showcasing the positive impact of concerted efforts to address AMR.
Tackling AMR
Addressing the challenge of AMR necessitates a multi-faceted approach. One option involves regulatory measures such as restricting or banning the use of certain antimicrobials at a national level. Alternatively, voluntary reduction driven by enhanced communication, education, and consumer awareness can lead to decreases in antimicrobial usage. At the farm level, individual farmers play a crucial role in effecting change by being mindful of their antimicrobial practices. Surveys conducted with poultry and swine farms have underscored the importance of understanding antimicrobial use and resistance prevalence, paving the way for tailored interventions.
Solutions
While antimicrobials remain essential for treating sick animals, prudent use is paramount to safeguard their effectiveness. Before resorting to antibiotics, exploring preventive measures like robust farm management practices, feed additives, biosecurity protocols, and vaccination is crucial. Feed additives, in particular, play a pivotal role in supporting AGP-free feeding systems, filling the void left by the removal of antibiotic growth promoters.
Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and other additives are instrumental in preventing digestive disorders in animals and bridging the performance gap associated with AGP-free farming. These alternatives have demonstrated their efficacy in maintaining animal health and performance, sometimes even surpassing the outcomes achieved with antibiotic growth promoters. Additionally, data-driven solutions like early warning systems offer valuable insights to producers, enabling them to proactively address animal health and nutrition challenges.
In the fight against AMR, it is essential to adopt a global mindset while implementing tailored local solutions that empower farmers to raise healthy animals sustainably.
As we navigate the complexities of antimicrobial use and resistance, let us remember that our actions today shape the future of healthcare for both humans and animals. By embracing responsible practices and innovative solutions, we can safeguard the efficacy of antimicrobials and ensure the well-being of current and future generations.
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